Confirmation bias: what it is, examples, and how to avoid it

Confirmation bias is one of the most common and at the same time, most invisible cognitive errors. It affects us all, often without us realizing it, and has a profound impact on our decisions, beliefs, and relationships. This phenomenon not only influences our personal opinions but also how we consume information, debate ideas, and form judgments about the world around us.

Learning to detect confirmation bias is the first step toward thinking intelligently and making more informed decisions. Therefore, in this article, we’ll explain what confirmation bias is, some examples, and how to avoid it .

What is confirmation bias?

Confirmation bias is such a common phenomenon that it operates on autopilot. Simply put, confirmation bias is the tendency to seek, interpret, and recall information in ways that confirm our prior beliefs or assumptions, while ignoring or dismissing those that contradict them.

According to cognitive psychology , confirmation bias is considered a mental shortcut (heuristic) that allows us to process information quickly, though not always accurately. This bias was first identified and studied by psychologist Peter Wason in 1960, who demonstrated that people tend to seek evidence that confirms their hypotheses rather than attempting to refute them.

This bias has evolutionary roots. Our brains are designed to conserve energy and seek internal coherence. Contrasting ideas or accepting that we might be wrong requires mental effort, emotional discomfort, and sometimes threatens our identity or group belonging. Therefore, we unconsciously prefer to confirm what we already believe, even if it’s not rational.

Examples of confirmation bias

In a society where information is abundant, but not always accurate, cultivating a critical and conscious attitude is more necessary than ever. It’s not about doubting everything, but rather being willing to revise our beliefs when the evidence warrants it. In the long run, this will make us wiser, more empathetic, and, above all, freer.

So let’s look at some examples of confirmation bias:

In politics

Suppose a person identifies with a specific political ideology. When reading the news, they will tend to look for sources that reinforce their worldview. If a negative story about the party they support appears, they may downplay or question it. Conversely, if the opposing party makes a mistake, they will take it as further proof that their position is correct.

In health and well-being

Someone convinced that a natural supplement improves memory might ignore studies demonstrating its ineffectiveness and focus on anecdotal testimonials or unscientific articles.

In personal relationships

If we believe a person is selfish, we will interpret their actions or generosity through that filter. An innocent comment may seem like a sign of arrogance, while positive gestures will seem like an exception or an attempt at manipulation .

On social media

Algorithms tend to reinforce confirmation bias by showing content similar to what we consume. This creates information bubbles where we only see opinions similar to our own, which hinders critical thinking and empathy for different positions.

How to avoid confirmation bias?

While we can’t completely eliminate confirmation bias (because it’s part of our nature), we can reduce its impact by being aware of it and practicing certain strategies.

1. Question our beliefs

When faced with a strong opinion, it’s helpful to ask yourself, “What if I’m wrong?” or “What arguments are there against this idea?” This simple reflection can open the door for critical thinking .

2. Actively seek out contrary information

Turning to different sources, even those we don’t agree with, helps break the bubble . It’s not about changing our minds based on every new thing we read, but rather about thoroughly understanding the arguments behind each position.

3. Talk to people with other ideas

Conversing with people who think differently, with respect and active listening, forces us to consider new perspectives. This not only enriches our ideas but also strengthens our empathy and tolerance.

4. Apply the principle of charity

This philosophical principle suggests interpreting other people’s ideas in the strongest and most reasonable way possible rather than seeking out their weaknesses. This way, we avoid misunderstandings and the tendency to defend our position before understanding what the other person has to say.

5. Practice intellectual humility

Accepting that we don’t know everything and that our beliefs may be wrong is fundamental. Intellectual humility is not synonymous with insecurity, but with openness to learning.

6. Be careful with information that moves us

News or messages that generate deep indignation, fear, or excitement tend to trigger confirmation bias more easily. Before reacting, it’s a good idea to pause, compare the source, and ask yourself: “Am I acting from emotion or reason?”

This article is for informational purposes only; Psychology-Online does not have the authority to diagnose or recommend treatment. We encourage you to consult a psychologist to discuss your specific case.

Conclusion

Confirmation bias is a powerful force in how we think, believe, and interact. By becoming aware of it, asking questions, and considering other viewpoints, we can make smarter choices, grow wiser, and build healthier relationships. Avoiding confirmation bias won’t always be easy, but practicing awareness can lead to more informed, balanced, and fair thinking.

When we train ourselves to pause, reflect, and look for contrary evidence, we begin to see the bigger picture. This not only sharpens our judgment but also makes us more empathetic toward others. By working to reduce confirmation bias in daily life, we give ourselves the chance to grow mentally and emotionally. In the end, awareness of this bias is not about proving others wrong but about building a more truthful and open-minded approach to life.

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FAQs

1. What does confirmation bias mean in simple words?
It means we notice and remember information that agrees with our beliefs and ignore information that doesn’t. In other words, our brain is selective about what it accepts, which can lead us to think we are “right” even when the facts say otherwise.

2. Why is confirmation bias dangerous?
It can lead to poor decisions, false beliefs, and unfair judgments because we don’t see the full picture. Over time, this can damage relationships, spread misinformation, and prevent us from learning new truths. That’s why recognizing it is so important in both personal and professional life.

3. Can confirmation bias affect relationships?
Yes, it can. If you assume someone is selfish or unkind, you may misinterpret their actions, even when they are positive. This can create unnecessary conflict and weaken trust. Learning to question these assumptions can help build stronger and healthier bonds.

4. How do I know if I have confirmation bias?
If you only read sources that agree with you or reject opposing views without considering them, you may be experiencing it. Signs also include defending your opinion at all costs and avoiding information that challenges your beliefs.

5. Can confirmation bias be avoided completely?
Not fully, because it’s part of human nature. But awareness and critical thinking can greatly reduce its effects. By practicing humility, listening to others, and welcoming diverse perspectives, we can slowly train ourselves to make decisions with greater fairness and wisdom.

References

• Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220.
• Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 129–140.
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• Plous, S. (1993). The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. McGraw-Hill.
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.